Pakistan and Afghanistan are at war. Here’s the full story behind the clash

February 28, 2026

TL;DR

Pakistan declared a state of "open war" with Afghanistan following cross-border strikes and military actions.
The primary cause of the conflict is the disputed Durand Line, a 19th-century border that Afghanistan has never recognized, viewing it as a colonial remnant.
Afghanistan's refusal to recognize the Durand Line stems from its historical context as an externally imposed border and its division of Pashtun tribes.
Recent clashes have intensified since March 2024, escalating from localized incidents to regular armed confrontations.
Regional dynamics, including Pakistan's accusations of Afghanistan's ties with India and China's significant military support for Pakistan, add complexity.
A full-scale ground invasion of Afghanistan by Pakistan is considered unlikely due to terrain challenges and China's strategic interests in projects like CPEC.
The conflict highlights the enduring impact of 19th-century colonial decisions on contemporary regional security.
Afghanistan's increasing trade through Iranian ports with India's involvement further strains relations with Pakistan.
The situation is precarious, with potential for further escalation and increased instability at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East.

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